The oldest archaeological evidence documented in the Espluga Caves consists of a group of faunal remains including rhinoceros, hyena, deer and horse teeth, as well as several deer antlers and a piece of quartz, which seems to have been intentionally worked or fragmented. The situation of the finding (secondary position) and the grouping of the elements seem to indicate that it would be a set formed by anthropic action. Its chronology suggests an antiquity that could go back between the middle and upper Pleistocene (beginning of the last glaciation) and that could suggest the frequentation of the site by human groups.
On the other hand, in the mouths of the Cueva de la Font Major and the Cueva de la Vila, several stratigraphic levels have been identified that show the presence of lithic industry that can be attributed to the Upper Paleolithic. It should be kept in mind that the cave has a series of special characteristics that allow us to consider its seasonal or periodic use by nomadic groups with the objective of exploiting all the resources offered by the environment.
The discovery of the Paleolithic engravings of the gatoneras of Cal Palletes, places the human presence in these galleries about 37000 years ago. A Paleolithic sanctuary with figurative representations through the technique of engraving that makes the cave a place of worship and spirituality for these early human communities.